Introduction
Definition of dystopian novel
A brief history of the dystopian genre
Importance of the dystopian novel in modern literature
Chapter 1: Creation of the Dystopian World
Definition of the historical and geopolitical context
Structuring of society and institutions
Creation of a control system
Setting and description of the dystopian world
Chapter 2: Character Development
Creation of the protagonist and his path
Development of secondary characters and antagonists
Creating relationships and dynamics among the characters
Chapter 3: Plot Construction
Structuring of the main plot
Interweaving subplots and secondary themes
Creation of conflicts and narrative tensions
Chapter 4: Style and Language
Choose the appropriate tone and language register
Construction of believable and engaging dialogues
Storytelling techniques: first, second and third person
Chapter 5: Themes and Messages
Identification of the central themes of the novel
Exploration of political, social and philosophical issues
Appendix
Definition of dystopian novel
We are delighted by your interest in the dystopian novel, one of the literary genres that has maintained an ever-growing interest over the years. The goal of this guide is to give you a comprehensive overview without leaving out aspects such as plot and characters, which you can also explore in more depth elsewhere on our platform (for example, in the basics of storytelling).
Let us begin with the definition. To fully understand it, it is essential to analyze its main characteristics, historical context, and the emblematic works that have made it a pillar of modern literature.
First, the word "dystopia" comes from the Greek and means "bad place" or "unpleasant place." A dystopian novel, therefore, imagines a future or alternative to the current society in which living conditions are extremely negative and oppressive. Usually, the narrative centers on a protagonist struggling against an unjust and totalitarian system, highlighting the dangers inherent in centralized power and the suppression of individual freedoms.
A crucial element of the dystopia is the presence of an all-powerful and authoritarian state that controls every aspect of citizens' lives.
Through invasive technologies, constant surveillance and manipulation of information, the state aims to maintain absolute control over the population, stifling any form of dissent or rebellion. In this context, the dystopian novel aims to expose the weaknesses of the system, raising questions about human nature, freedom, justice and power.
We will also see that this basic concept has evolved into many variations, but the origin should be kept in mind. To further explore the definition of the dystopian novel, it is worth considering the historical context in which this genre took shape.
Literary dystopia, as a genre, experienced an explosion in popularity in the 20th century due to a number of global concerns that influenced authors of the time. Among these concerns, dictatorships, the Cold War, and the consequences of scientific discoveries played a crucial role in fueling writers' creativity and generating works that explore dramatic and disturbing future scenarios.
First, the growth of dictatorships had a profound impact on its development. They, with their absolute power and oppressive control over populations, provided fertile ground for authors to ponder the nature of power and its degenerations. The brutality and authoritarianism of totalitarian regimes, such as fascism, Nazism and communism, provided an important source of inspiration for writers, who imagined worlds in which individual freedoms were systematically oppressed.
Indeed, these dictatorships were based on ideologies that promoted the importance of the state and the subjugation of the individual to a central power. Consequently, dystopian authors sought to highlight the danger inherent in such political systems by highlighting the possible consequences of loss of freedom and suppression of cultural and intellectual diversity. In addition, 20th-century dictatorships were often characterized by strong control of information and communication, a recurring theme in dystopian works, which depict societies in which the truth is manipulated and hidden in order to maintain control over the population.
Second, the Cold War, with its tensions and risks, contributed greatly to the evolution of dystopian literature. During this period of latent conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union, the world stood on the brink of nuclear war, and the threat of global destruction fueled authors' imaginations. The fear of atomic conflict, political tensions, and the arms race led writers to imagine post-apocalyptic worlds or futures in which humanity's survival is put to the test. The Cold War has, moreover, highlighted the fragility of the global balance and the potential impact of political choices on the fate of humanity.
Finally, the consequences of scientific discoveries have played a key role in inspiring the dystopian literature of this century. The advent of new technologies and the explosion of scientific knowledge have raised ethical and philosophical questions, prompting authors to reflect on the potential negative implications of innovations. In particular, advances in genetics, medicine, artificial intelligence, and robotics have opened new horizons, but also raised fears about the irresponsible or malicious use of such discoveries.
Dystopian writers have, therefore, used fiction to explore the potentially nefarious consequences of scientific discoveries, imagining worlds in which technology is employed to manipulate, control and subjugate humanity. For example, the refinement of surveillance and monitoring techniques has raised concerns about privacy and individual freedom, prompting authors to imagine societies in which every citizen is constantly observed and controlled by the state.
Similarly, advances in biotechnology and genetics have led writers to explore issues such as eugenics, cloning and genetic manipulation, highlighting the risks associated with the distorted use of science to pursue ideological goals or to concentrate power in the hands of a few.
Among the most famous dystopian novels, it is worth mentioning George Orwell's "1984," Aldous Huxley's "The New World," and Ray Bradbury's "Fahrenheit 451." These works, although set in imaginary worlds, reflect the concerns and anxieties of the era in which they were written, offering insights that are still relevant and relevant today. As mentioned above, through the lens of dystopia, the authors manage to highlight the risks and drifts of extreme ideologies, inviting the reader to question his or her own beliefs and the society in which he or she lives.
It is precisely by resting on these messages that the dystopian novel has built a value and literary genre of great importance in contemporary culture: it raises crucial questions related to politics, philosophy, and ethics, but it does so through its ability to imagine future and alternative scenarios. It is a unique way of enabling the reader to reflect on the present.
A brief history of the dystopian genre
Taking a journey through the history of the dystopian genre, exploring its origins and the authors and works that have marked its evolution over time will provide you with an overview of the genesis of the dystopian novel and its transformations through the centuries.
The roots of dystopia go back to classical literature, with works such as Plato's "The Republic," which imagines an ideal society based on justice and order. However, it was in the 19th century that the dystopian genre began to take shape, with the publication of César de Paepe's "Càos," a work that describes an anarchic society devoid of laws and ruled by violence.
The 20th century marks a crucial period for dystopian literature, with the publication of seminal works that would influence the genre for decades to come. In 1921, Russian writer Evgenij Zamjatin brought out "We," a novel set in a totalitarian state in which individuals are deprived of freedom and subjected to strict control. Zamjatin's work is considered a milestone in the genre and will have a lasting influence on future dystopian authors.
Another seminal text is Aldous Huxley's "The New World," in which the author imagines a future society characterized by the massification of culture and the subjugation of the individual to the power of the state. In this work, Huxley warns the reader about the consequences of alienation and the loss of basic human values.
In 1949, George Orwell published "1984," a work that would become a symbol of the dystopian genre. Set in a future where freedom of thought has been abolished and every aspect of life is controlled by the Party, the novel exposes the dangers of totalitarianism and the manipulation of truth. With his simple but powerful language, Orwell succeeds in creating a gruesome picture of a world devoid of freedom and hope.
In the 1950s and 1960s, the dystopian genre continued to evolve, with works such as Ray Bradbury's "Fahrenheit 451" (1953), which explores the theme of censorship and the suppression of intellectual freedom, and Norman Spinrad's "The Road to the Swastika" (1962), which imagines a world dominated by Nazism. These novels reflect the concerns of the time, including the Cold War, the nuclear threat and the loss of individual freedom.
Beginning in the 1970s and 1980s, dystopian literature was enriched with new themes and concerns, including ecology, feminism, and technology. Novels such as Margaret Atwood's The Handmaid's Tale (1985) highlight gender issues and the dangers of an oppressive patriarchal society. Atwood's work would become an icon of feminism and a landmark in the discussion of women's rights.
Meanwhile, environmentalism takes an important role in dystopian fiction, with works such as "Planet of the Winds" (1972) by Ursula K. Le Guin, which presents a future society in which the ecosystem has been destroyed due to the exploitation of natural resources. These novels raise crucial questions about our relationship with the environment and the consequences of our actions.
With the advent of the digital age, dystopian literature is increasingly focusing on themes of technology and surveillance. William Gibson's "Neuromancer" is an emblematic example of this trend, with its vision of a future dominated by computers and virtual reality. At the same time, works such as Neal Stephenson's "Snow Crash" explore the social and political implications of the spread of new technologies.
The dystopian genre continues to thrive in the 21st century, with renewed interest in issues of privacy, control and resistance. Works such as Suzanne Collins' "Hunger Games" and Veronica Roth's "Divergent" have become bestsellers and spawned popular film adaptations, demonstrating the enduring appeal of the dystopian genre. These novels, while aimed at a younger audience, address universal themes such as the struggle for freedom, the importance of individuality and the courage to resist oppression.
In summary, the history of the dystopian genre is rich and varied, with a long tradition of works reflecting the concerns and fears of society in different historical periods. From its origins in the 19th century to its successes in the 21st century, dystopian literature has offered readers stimulating reflections on power, freedom, and human nature, inviting us to consider the possible consequences of our actions and to imagine a better future.
Importance of the dystopian novel in modern literature
This literary genre has taken on a significant role in the contemporary cultural landscape, offering insights into relevant social, political and philosophical issues.
First, the dystopian novel is characterized by its ability to bring out collective concerns and fears, serving as a mirror of the anxieties of the time. Dystopian authors are able to identify trends and problems present in contemporary society and project them into an imaginary future, showing the possible consequences of certain social or political dynamics.
In this way, the dystopian novel becomes a powerful tool for social and cultural critique, capable of raising crucial questions about the nature of power, individual freedom, and human dignity. Indeed, dystopian works often depict worlds in which authority is oppressive and totalitarian, freedom of thought and expression is stifled, and individuals are reduced to mere cogs in an inhuman system.
Through compelling storytelling and the creation of imaginary worlds, the dystopian novel invites readers to engage with ethical and philosophical issues of great depth, stimulating intellectual debate and critical reflection. This pedagogical and cultural function of the dystopian genre is particularly important at a time when global challenges, such as the ecological crisis, the spread of new technologies and geopolitical tensions, raise urgent questions about the future of humanity and the planet.
Another key aspect of the dystopian novel in modern literature is its ability to give voice to marginalized groups and expose social injustice. Indeed, dystopian authors often showcase characters who struggle to assert their identity and resist oppression, offering the reader examples of resilience and courage.
In this sense, the dystopian novel can serve an emancipatory and consciousness-raising function, showing how solidarity and collective action can be an antidote to power and injustice. At the same time, the dystopian genre offers insights into individual and collective responsibilities, inviting readers to question their own role in society and the ethical choices that affect them.
Finally, it is important to note the influence of the dystopian novel on language and the collective imagination. Many terms and concepts from dystopian works, such as "Big Brother".
4. Definition of the historical and geopolitical context
In this chapter I will guide you in defining the historical and geopolitical context of your dystopian world, a key element in lending depth and verisimilitude to your narrative. Careful analysis of the historical and political dynamics of your fictional universe will allow you to immerse the reader in a coherent and fascinating environment, providing a solid backdrop for plot and character development.
First, it is essential to determine the era in which your dystopia takes place. This choice will determine the time frame of reference and influence crucial aspects of your story, such as available technologies, scientific achievements, and geographical discoveries. Think about the importance of the historical period to your story and how it may interact with the themes and issues you intend to address.
Next, I invite you to consider the geography of your dystopian world. The arrangement of continents, political boundaries, and natural land features will have a significant impact on the social, economic, and political dynamics of your story. Carefully consider the geographic location of major nations, cities and places of interest, keeping in mind that a realistic balance of natural resources, demographics and political power can help make your narrative environment more believable.
Now, let us focus on international relations and geopolitical alliances. In a dystopian novel, tensions between nations and political blocs can be a key factor in creating conflicts and defining power struggles. Analyze the dynamics of collaboration and rivalry among the different actors in your geopolitical scenario, considering how these interactions can influence the events of your plot and the fate of your characters.
Another crucial aspect of constructing the historical and geopolitical context of your dystopian world is understanding the political and social ideologies that govern its structure. The dominant ideas and values in your fictional society will have a direct impact on the institutions, laws, and cultural traditions of your world. Explore the different currents of thought and philosophies that drive the protagonists and antagonists in your story, trying to identify the historical roots and motivations that support their actions.
Finally, I suggest you reflect on the presence of relevant historical events and turning points that may have shaped your dystopian world. These events may include wars, revolutions, natural disasters, or technological breakthroughs, and may offer interesting insights into the development of your plot and characters. Consider how these events may have influenced the history of your world and the political, economic, and social transformations that resulted. Thorough knowledge of your fictional universe's past will allow you to create a coherent narrative environment and offer the reader a complex and multifaceted view of your dystopia.
Don't forget to examine the role of religion and spiritual beliefs in your fictional society. Religious traditions and belief systems can have a significant impact on culture, politics, and interpersonal relationships in your dystopian world. Research possible intersections between faith, power, and resistance, and reflect on how these dynamics can enrich your narrative.
To make your historical and geopolitical context even more compelling, consider introducing elements of internal conflict and tension. Social divisions, power struggles, and claims to independence can add depth and drama to your story, inviting the reader to reflect on the challenges and trade-offs necessary for the survival and progress of your dystopian society.
In building your dystopian world, also pay attention to the evolution of institutions and infrastructure. The growth and decline of cities, the spread of technologies, and the organization of the educational system may offer interesting insights into the development of your narrative and the understanding of the social and political dynamics of your fictional universe.
Finally, I recommend that you consider the role of art, literature, and culture in your dystopian society. The representation of artistic forms of expression and cultural criticism can enrich your fictional world, providing the reader with a privileged window into the tensions and aspirations of your characters.
Setting the historical and geopolitical context of your dystopian world is a key element in building a credible and fascinating narrative environment. Paying attention to the political and social details of the period will allow you to immerse the reader in a complex and challenging universe, providing a solid foundation for the development of your novel's plot and characters. Remember that, as a writer, you are the creator and custodian of this world: explore it with curiosity and passion, and your reader is sure to be captivated.
5. Structuring of society and institutions
In this segment of the chapter on creating the dystopian world, I will walk you through structuring the society and institutions of your fictional universe. Proper design of social dynamics and institutional organization is critical to building a compelling and coherent story. Through these elements, you will explore deep themes and engage the reader in your story.
First, reflect on the social hierarchy and classes within your dystopia. The division of power and resources among the various strata of the population can provide interesting insights for plot development and character development. Consider the tensions and interactions between social classes and assess the impact of these dynamics on the institutions and norms of your fictional society.
Next, focus your attention on the political system of your dystopian world. The forms of government, control mechanisms, and laws that regulate the lives of citizens are key elements in creating a compelling narrative environment. Examine the different types of political organization, from dictatorships to totalitarian government, and reflect on how these structures can influence the daily lives of your characters and the course of events in your story.
Continue with an analysis of the justice system and law enforcement in your dystopian world. These elements are essential to maintaining balance and authority within your fictional society and can be used to explore issues such as justice, corruption, and resistance. Evaluate the degree of independence and power of judicial institutions, as well as their role in repression and protection of citizens' rights.
Devote yourself now to the study of education and culture in your fictional universe. The educational system, universities and schools can be an important means of control and dissemination of dominant ideologies in your dystopia. Think about educational policies and their impact on the education of young people, and consider including characters who challenge the current system and aspire to cultural change.
Do not overlook the importance of infrastructure and public services in your dystopian society. Health facilities, transportation, and communication networks are key elements in the functioning of your fictional society and can be used to highlight social inequalities and contradictions in the system. Analyze the efficiency and distribution of these services and reflect on how they may affect the lives of your characters and the social fabric of your world.
Finally, consider the role of nongovernmental organizations and resistance movements in your dystopian world. These groups can provide an alternative to official institutions and challenge the current political and social system. Analyze the motivations, strategies, and alliances of these movements, and assess the impact of their actions on plot and character development.
In constructing your dystopian society, also consider the role of the media and communication technologies. They can be tools of propaganda and control for the government, but also means of dissemination of ideas and information for resistance groups. Explore the dynamics between the different actors involved in the production and consumption of information and reflect on how these interactions may influence the perception of reality by the characters and the reader.
Another important aspect to consider in structuring the society and institutions of your dystopian world is the environment and sustainability. Environmental policies, access to natural resources, and waste management are factors that can have a significant impact on the quality of life and social relations in your fictional universe. Think about how these elements might interact with other aspects of your dystopia and what the long-term consequences might be for your fictional society.
In conclusion, it is important to assess the balance between individualism and collectivism in your dystopian society. The relationships between individuals and the sense of belonging to a community can be influenced by the political, economic, and cultural dynamics of your fictional universe. Analyze the degree of autonomy and solidarity among characters and consider the possible challenges and opportunities these dynamics may offer in the context of your story.
The structuring of society and institutions is a key element in the creation of your dystopian world. By analyzing and designing the different spheres of social, political and cultural life, you will be able to build a rich and multifaceted narrative environment capable of engaging the reader and stimulating his or her thinking. Remember that, as a writer, you have the power to shape your fictional universe according to your insights and creative aspirations: use this freedom to create a compelling and meaningful story.
6. Creation of a control system
In the process of creating your dystopian world, one of the most crucial aspects is the design of an effective control system. This system can come in many shapes and sizes, but its main purpose is to maintain order, consolidate the power of government elites, and suppress any form of dissent or rebellion. In this segment, I will guide you through the key steps to build a coherent and credible system of control within your fictional universe.
Begin by identifying the institutions and organizations responsible for control in your dystopian society. These may include the central government, security agencies, secret police, armed forces, or paramilitary groups. Analyze the hierarchies and power relations among these entities and assess their impact on the daily lives of citizens and the plot of your story.
Define the laws and regulations that govern the lives of citizens in your dystopian world. These may relate to freedom of expression, association and movement, media censorship, control of information, and restrictions on privacy. Think about how these laws might be enforced and how they might affect the conduct and choices of your characters.
Design the surveillance mechanisms used to monitor and control the population. These can range from video surveillance and interception of communications to tracking of online activities and the use of advanced technologies, such as drones or biometrics. Consider the ethical implications and potential human rights violations associated with the use of these technologies and reflect on the challenges people may face in trying to escape this pervasive control.
Examines the role of propaganda and ideology in consolidating the power and control of government elites. Manipulation of information, promotion of a positive image of the regime and inculcation of conformist values can be powerful tools to ensure the subjugation of the population. Analyzes the persuasion techniques used and the ways in which these ideologies are transmitted and assimilated by citizens.
Consider the importance of repression and punishment in maintaining order and control in your dystopian society. Prisons, forced labor camps and re-education institutions can be used to intimidate and neutralize political opponents and those who challenge the authority of the regime. Reflect on the living conditions within these institutions and the psychological and physical consequences for the characters involved.
Finally, do not forget the role of informant and whistleblower networks in sustaining the control system of your dystopian world. Fear of denunciation and distrust among members of society can be powerful elements in keeping people in a state of obedience and self-censorship. Explore the dynamics of relationships between citizens and the possible conflicts of loyalty that can arise between friends, colleagues, and family members.
As you build your control system, it is also important to consider the presence of possible flaws and vulnerabilities. These may include corruption, bureaucratic inefficiency, or internal dissent among government elites. Evaluate how these elements can be exploited by characters in your story who seek to challenge the system and how they might affect the evolution of the plot.
In your dystopian novel, the control system may also be challenged by external events, such as natural disasters, wars, or economic crises. These scenarios can provide interesting narrative opportunities to explore the tensions and contradictions within your fictional world and to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the control system you have created.
Finally, consider how the control system may evolve over time. Adaptations, reforms, and innovations may be introduced in response to new challenges or historical contexts. Reflect on how these transformations may affect the balance of power among different institutions and social dynamics in your dystopian world.
In conclusion, creating an effective control system is a key element in designing your dystopian world. By analyzing and defining the institutions, laws, technologies, and social dynamics involved, you can build a compelling and coherent narrative environment that highlights the challenges and tensions your characters face. Remember that, as a writer, you have the freedom to shape and mold your fictional universe according to your own insights and creative aspirations. Use this opportunity to create a story that is both challenging and engaging for your adult audience.
7. Setting and description of the dystopian world
In crafting your dystopian novel, it is essential to pay special attention to the setting and description of the fictional world you create. A well-designed and effectively described setting will help immerse the reader in your story and make the context in which the characters move and interact more plausible. In this segment, I will provide some suggestions on how to develop and describe your dystopian world with your adult audience in mind.
Begin by reflecting on the geographic, historical, and cultural features of your dystopian world. These aspects may include physical geography, climate, natural resources, political structure, demographics, religion, and cultural traditions. Try to be as specific as possible in describing these elements, as this will help give depth and coherence to your fictional universe.
Spend time describing the cities, towns and other places where your story takes place. Describe architectural features, town planning, transportation and infrastructure, and the daily lives of the citizens. These details will help the reader visualize the setting and feel part of the world you have created.
Don't forget to describe the atmosphere and tone that characterize your dystopian world. This may include the presence of pollution, resource scarcity, political oppression, violence, and human suffering. Use evocative language and powerful imagery to create a dark and disturbing atmosphere in keeping with the dystopian theme of your novel.
In describing your dystopian world, it is important to maintain a balance between realistic details and fantastic elements. Although your novel is set in an imaginary future, you should still base your descriptions on plausible concepts and ideas so that the reader can easily identify with the setting and characters.
Consider using symbolism and metaphors to enrich the descriptions of your dystopian world. These elements can be used to emphasize the central themes of your story and to convey a deeper message about human nature and society. For example, you might use the image of a ruined city as a metaphor for moral decay and the corruption of power.
Keep in mind that the description of your dystopian world should serve to support and deepen the plot of your novel. Therefore, try to integrate the descriptions of the setting into the actions and dialogues of the characters so that this information is revealed gradually and naturally and consistent with the pace of the narrative. Avoid burdening the reader with long descriptive digressions that could slow down the progress of the story and make the audience lose interest.
Pay attention to the characters' point of view when describing your dystopian world. Each character will have a unique and personal perception of the setting, based on their own experience, knowledge, and social position. Use these differences in perspective to add complexity and nuance to your descriptions and to highlight the injustices and inequalities of your fictional universe.
Consider using flashbacks, dreams, short stories, and other narrative devices to expand the reader's knowledge of the setting and past of your dystopian world. These devices can be useful in revealing key information about the history and formation of the dystopian setting without resorting to lengthy expository explanations.
Do not underestimate the importance of sensory details in your descriptions. Describing sounds, smells, tastes, and tactile sensations can help make your dystopian world more vivid and compelling to the reader. Try to use rich and varied language to evoke these sensations and to transport your audience into the heart of your setting.
Finally, keep in mind that the setting of your dystopian novel is not just an inert background, but an active and dynamic element of the story. The world you create will significantly influence the actions, choices, and motivations of the characters, as well as the evolution of the plot and the ultimate message of your novel. Therefore, devote time and energy to building a solid and detailed setting that is both interesting and challenging for your adult audience.
In conclusion, the setting and description of the dystopian world are key elements in creating a compelling and engaging novel. Pay attention to the details, emotions and social implications of your fictional universe and use evocative and powerful language to transport the reader into the heart of your story. Remember that the success of your novel will depend largely on your ability to create a fictional world that is both believable and fascinating to your audience.
Creation of the protagonist and his path
In the process of creating a dystopian novel, character development plays a crucial role in engaging the reader and guiding him through the narrative journey. In particular, the protagonist and his or her arc of transformation represent the central elements around which the entire story is structured. In this segment, I will offer some useful tips for creating a compelling protagonist and outlining his or her growth path within your dystopian novel.
First, think about the characteristics you wish to ascribe to your protagonist. These may include physical, psychological, ethical and moral aspects. Try to create a three-dimensional and complex character with strengths and weaknesses, desires and fears that the reader can recognize as authentic and believable.
Consider the dystopian context in which your protagonist lives and operates. The oppressive society and control system present in your novel will inevitably influence the character's behavior, choices, and motivations. Reflect on how these external circumstances may shape your protagonist's personality and actions and use them to give depth and nuance to his character.
Define your protagonist's goal or mission within the story. This can be something personal, such as seeking the truth about his or her identity or a desire for revenge, or something broader, such as fighting for freedom and justice in an oppressive society. The character's goal will guide his or her actions and decisions throughout the story arc.
Think about the growth arc your protagonist will face over the course of the novel. This arc of transformation may involve the character's emotional and psychological maturation, learning new skills, or discovering hidden truths about the world in which he lives. Make sure the growth path is consistent with the character's goal and the dystopian context in which he or she moves.
Create obstacles and challenges that your protagonist must overcome over the course of the story. These can be external in nature, such as adversities imposed by the control system or antagonists, or internal in nature, such as the character's personal conflicts and fears. The obstacles and challenges will help make the protagonist's journey more arduous and interesting, increasing the reader's involvement.
Introduce moments of crisis and turning points that test your protagonist and force him to confront his fears and weaknesses. These tense moments can be used to highlight the character's growth and reveal unseen aspects of his personality. They also represent opportunities to show the protagonist's inner change and evolution over the course of the story.
Create meaningful relationships between your protagonist and the other characters in the novel. These relationships can be positive, such as friendships, love or family ties, or negative, such as rivalries, conflicts or misunderstandings. The interactions between the protagonist and the other characters will enrich the plot and help further delineate his or her growth path.
Don't forget to pay attention to your protagonist's narrative voice. The choice of point of view and tone of the narrative can have a significant impact on the reader's perception of the character and his or her emotional involvement in the story. Try to find a narrative voice that is authentic and consistent with your protagonist's personality and experiences.
Finally, he tries to maintain a balance between the external events and the character's internal reflections. He alternates action scenes and dialogues with moments of introspection and emotional analysis in order to give the reader a complete and multifaceted view of the protagonist and his growth path.
In conclusion, the creation of the protagonist and his or her journey within a dystopian novel requires special attention to the psychological, emotional, and social aspects of the character, as well as the evolution of his or her personal history in the context of the dystopian setting. By following these tips, you will be able to create a compelling and engaging protagonist who can guide the reader through the maze of challenges and obstacles that characterize the dystopian genre and offer a unique and profound perspective on the fictional world you have created.
9. Development of secondary characters and antagonists
In constructing a dystopian novel, in addition to the protagonist, it is crucial to pay attention to the development of secondary characters and antagonists. They help make the fictional world richer and more complex, offering a different perspective on dystopian society and the dynamics that govern it. In this segment, I will provide you with some useful pointers for creating interesting and well-delineated secondary characters and antagonists.
Begin by identifying the role that each secondary character or antagonist will play within the plot. This may be an ally or mentor for the protagonist, a member of the ruling elite, a rival or enemy, or a character who represents a force for change within the dystopian society. Defining each character's role will help you clarify their motivations and actions within the story.
Spend time outlining the physical, psychological, and moral characteristics of secondary characters and antagonists. Even if these characters are not the focus of narrative attention, it is important that they have well-defined personalities and that the reader can perceive them as authentic individuals consistent with the dystopian context.
Pay attention to the relationships between secondary characters and antagonists and the main character. These relationships can be a source of conflict, tension, or growth for the main character and can offer interesting insights for plot development. Try to create dynamic and varied interactions that highlight the most intriguing and ambivalent aspects of the characters involved.
Keep in mind that antagonists, in particular, must be well-motivated and believable in their actions. Avoid creating one-dimensional, stereotypical "villains": rather, try to build complex characters who act on well-defined beliefs and goals, even if these conflict with those of the protagonist.
Consider the effect that the dystopian setting has on secondary characters and antagonists. In the same way as the protagonist, these characters also live and move within an oppressive and controlled environment that affects their choices and actions. He uses these circumstances to deepen the psychology of the characters and to explore the reasons why they act the way they do.
Do not underestimate the importance of secondary characters in supporting or counteracting the protagonist's growth path. They can act as a mirror or counterpoint for the main character, highlighting his strengths and weaknesses and guiding him, directly or indirectly, toward maturation and transformation.
Finally, try to maintain a balance among the various secondary characters and antagonists in your story. Make sure that each of them has adequate space to express their individuality and to influence the course of events. Avoid overloading the narrative with too many characters, which may make it difficult for the reader to follow the plot and distinguish between the various protagonists.
Consider using subplots to further develop secondary characters and antagonists. These parallel stories can enrich the narrative context, giving the reader a broader and more varied view of the dystopian world and its dynamics. In addition, they can provide interesting cues for interweaving the stories of the various characters and creating unexpected twists and turns.
Keep in mind the possible evolutions of secondary characters and antagonists over the course of the story. In the same way as the protagonist, these characters may also change, grow, or reveal new aspects of their personalities in response to the events and challenges they face. Try to make these changes consistent and believable in order to give the reader a complete and multifaceted view of the characters involved.
In conclusion, the development of secondary characters and antagonists is a key element in the construction of a successful dystopian novel. Through attention to the characterization, relationships, and motivations of these characters, you can create a rich and complex fictional world that engages the reader and offers an articulate and profound perspective on dystopian society and its dynamics. By following these suggestions, you can bring to life memorable secondary characters and antagonists who will help make your story compelling and meaningful.
Creating relationships and dynamics among the characters
In creating a dystopian novel, one of the most important aspects to consider is the building of relationships and dynamics among the characters. The interactions between the main characters in the story can give the reader a greater understanding of the dystopian world, its challenges and contradictions. They can also help make the plot more compelling and engaging. Below, you will find some suggestions for developing effective relationships and dynamics among the characters in your novel.
Carefully plan the relationships between the main characters, taking into consideration their personalities, goals, and motivations. Try to avoid clichés and stereotypes, opting instead for complex, multifaceted interactions that reflect the reality of human relationships.
Do not neglect the relationships between secondary characters and antagonists. These characters may also have interesting ties and dynamics between them, which enrich the narrative and add depth to the dystopian context.
Develop relationships that evolve over time in response to the events and challenges the characters face. This will allow you to show their change and growth, making the story more dynamic and engaging.
Introduce conflicts and tensions between characters, both interpersonally and intrapersonally. These can be useful in highlighting the contradictions and challenges of the dystopian world, as well as creating twists and turns and moments of suspense throughout the narrative.
Reflect on power dynamics among characters, especially in a dystopian setting characterized by an oppressive system of control. Explore how these dynamics affect the relationships between characters and how they can be leveraged to develop the plot and themes of the novel.
Use the relationships between characters to explore themes and issues related to dystopian society. For example, interactions between the protagonists can provide an opportunity to reflect on the ethical, moral, and political issues that characterize the world in which they live.
Create bonds between characters that go beyond love or friendship relationships. For example, you might explore family ties, work relationships or relationships between members of different social groups within the dystopian society.
Consider using flashbacks, dreams, or memories to deepen the relationships between the characters and to show how they have developed over time. This will allow you to add depth and nuance to the interactions between the main characters and give the reader a more complete view of their past experiences.
In conclusion, creating effective relationships and dynamics among characters is critical to the development of a compelling and meaningful dystopian novel. Interactions between the protagonists can enrich the narrative and offer the reader a greater understanding of the dystopian world and its challenges. Through the relationships between characters, themes and issues related to dystopian society can be explored, giving depth and resonance to the story.
Use dialogue as a tool to explore and deepen the relationships between characters. Through conversations between protagonists, you can show their dynamics, conflicts and emotions, making the narrative more vivid and realistic.
Pay attention to the balance between character relationships and other plot elements. Do not allow interpersonal dynamics to dominate the story at the expense of narrative tension, dystopian context, or the novel's themes.
Introduce characters from different social, cultural or political backgrounds to show the variety and complexity of dystopian society. This will allow you to explore the differences and tensions between various groups within the dystopian world, giving the reader a more complete and multifaceted view of the setting.
Have the relationships between characters influence the plot and its development. For example, alliances or betrayals between the main characters can lead to unexpected twists and turns and push the story in new directions.
Remember that the relationships between characters can also have an emotional impact on the reader. Try to create bonds between the main characters that elicit empathy, sympathy, or dislike in the reader, drawing them emotionally into the story and making them more invested in the fate of the characters.
Use the relationships between characters to examine and question the social and cultural conventions of the dystopian world. For example, you might explore issues such as sexism, racism, or discrimination through the interactions between the protagonists, inviting the reader to think critically about these topics.
Finally, don't be afraid to experiment with the relationships and dynamics between characters. A dystopian novel offers many opportunities to explore unconventional bonds and interactions, which can add originality and freshness to your story.
By following these tips, you can build relationships and dynamics among the characters in your dystopian novel that are compelling, meaningful, and nuanced. Remember that the interactions between the main characters are critical to bringing the dystopian world to life, exploring its themes, and emotionally engaging the reader in the story.
Structuring of the main plot
In constructing a dystopian novel, structuring the main plot is a crucial element in ensuring that the story is coherent, compelling and meaningful. To effectively structure the plot of your novel, it is essential to follow a few key principles, which will help you maintain the focus on dystopian themes and engage the reader in the narrative.
Begin by establishing the setting and context of your dystopian world. Introduce the reader to the basic elements of your fictional universe, including institutions, rules and social norms, as well as the forces that threaten its stability.
Introduce the protagonist and the other main characters, highlighting their goals, desires, and internal and external conflicts. These character elements will give depth to your story and drive the evolution of the plot.
Define the triggering incident, that is, the event that catalyzes the story and sets the main plot in motion. This event must be believable and interesting, and it must directly involve the protagonist, prompting him or her to embark on a path of growth and change.
It develops a series of obstacles and challenges that the protagonist will face over the course of the story. These obstacles may be related to the difficulties of the dystopian world, conflicts with other characters, or the pitfalls of the control system. Each challenge should help evolve the character and advance the plot.
Structure your story following a classic narrative arc, which includes an inception phase, a development phase, and a resolution phase. In the debut, you introduce the dystopian world and the protagonist; in the development phase, you explore the challenges and conflicts the character faces; in the resolution phase, you show how the protagonist overcomes difficulties and achieves (or not) his goals.
Maintain a balance between the different elements of the plot and avoid focusing too much on one aspect of the story. A well-balanced plot must include action, emotional tension, and reflection, as well as explore dystopian themes in a thorough and coherent manner.
Create a compelling and memorable climax that leads to a satisfying conclusion for both the protagonist and the reader. The climax must be the culmination of the tensions and conflicts that have accumulated over the course of the story and must resolve, at least in part, the open questions.
Conclude the story in a manner consistent with the tone and themes of the novel. The conclusion can be positive or negative, depending on the author's intent and the needs of the story, but it should still offer the reader meaningful closure and reflection on the implications of the dystopian world.
While writing the plot, always keep the main theme of your dystopian novel in mind and make sure that the events and actions of the characters are consistent with the themes addressed. This will help you create a unified narrative and avoid inconsistencies.
Don't be afraid to take cues from pre-existing dystopian works, but at the same time try to give your novel a unique voice and style. Studying the plots and narrative techniques of successful authors can be inspiring, but it is essential that your story have its own identity and message.
Finally, consider the importance of rhythm and tempo in plot construction. Keep the reader's interest by varying the narrative pace and skillfully dosing moments of action, suspense, and introspection. Also, pay attention to time management in your story, making sure to leave room for character and story development.
By following these principles, you will be able to structure a solid and compelling main plot for your dystopian novel. Remember that building an effective dystopian plot takes time, effort, and dedication, but the result will be an engaging and thought-provoking story that will captivate your audience and leave a lasting impression.
Interweaving subplots and secondary themes
In creating a dystopian novel, it is important not to limit yourself to the development of the main plot alone. Subplots and secondary themes enrich the narrative, giving the reader additional food for thought and contributing to the depth of the literary world you are creating. Here are some tips on how to weave subplots and secondary themes into your dystopian novel:
Identify subplots: Before you start developing subplots, think about the themes you want to address in your novel. These could relate to social, political, ethical or personal issues that intertwine with the main theme of dystopia.
Connect subplots to characters: Subplots work best when they are closely linked to the characters and their experiences. Make sure that the events of the subplots have a significant impact on the lives of the characters involved and that they have credible motivations and emotions to guide their actions.
Maintain a balance between main plot and subplots: It is critical that subplots do not obscure or distract from the main plot. Try to maintain a balance between the various narrative elements, ensuring that subplots are integrated organically into the story without stealing too much space or attention.
Use subplots to deepen the dystopian context: Subplots and subtopics can be useful in giving the reader a more complete view of the dystopian world you are creating. Through these parallel events, you can show the effects of oppressive institutions and policies on different aspects of daily life, helping to make the novel's setting more likely and engaging.
Interweave the subplots with the main plot: To make the narrative more fluid and cohesive, try to interweave the subplots with the main plot. This can be done through interaction between the characters involved in the different events, or through events or situations that relate the various plots.
Resolve subplots satisfactorily: Make sure that the subplots have an appropriate conclusion that is consistent with the story as a whole. Although not all subplots need to have a happy ending, it is important that the reader feels a sense of closure and fulfillment at the end of the novel.
By following these tips, you will be able to weave subplots and sub-themes into your dystopian novel, creating a richer, more articulate narrative that will engage and enthrall your audience.
Creating conflicts and narrative tensions in the dystopian genre
The creation of narrative conflicts and tensions is fundamental in any work of fiction, but it takes on particular importance in the dystopian genre. In fact, conflicts are the engine that drives the plot, challenging the characters and allowing them to evolve over the course of the story. In addition, narrative tension keeps the reader interested and engaged, eager to find out how the clashes and challenges faced by the protagonists will resolve. Here are some tips on how to create effective narrative conflict and tension in the dystopian genre:
Exploit the dystopian context: The dystopian world is, by its very nature, an environment full of conflict and tension. The oppressive societies, injustices, and inequalities present in these worlds provide fertile ground for the creation of clashes between characters and institutions. Use these features as a starting point for developing interesting and meaningful conflicts.
Create characters in opposition: Conflict often arises from the interaction between characters with conflicting goals, desires, or values. In the dystopian genre, it is common to find protagonists who oppose the established order, fighting for freedom, justice, or survival. Create characters with strong and compelling motivations who come into conflict with antagonists or other secondary characters.
Introduce internal conflicts: Conflicts are not limited to clashes between characters, but can also occur within a single individual. Dystopian characters are often plagued by doubts, fears and uncertainties that challenge them and influence their choices. Develop internal conflicts that add depth to your characters and make them more complex and interesting.
Use moral ambiguity: Dystopia is a genre that often explores moral nuances and gray areas between good and evil. It exploits this characteristic to create conflicts and tensions that challenge the reader's certainties and cause him or her to reflect on ethical and moral issues.
Vary the pace and intensity of conflicts: To keep the reader's interest, it is important to vary the pace and intensity of conflicts throughout the novel. Alternate moments of high tension with calmer, more reflective scenes, creating an alternation of emotions that keeps the reader gripped to the story.
Resolve conflicts satisfactorily: Conflict resolution is a crucial aspect of storytelling. Make sure that conflicts end in a way that is consistent with the plot and character of the characters involved. Remember that not all challenges need to have a successful outcome, but it is important that the reader feels a sense of accomplishment and closure at the end of the novel.
In conclusion, creating narrative conflicts and tensions in the dystopian genre is a crucial element in building a compelling and engaging story. By exploiting the dystopian context, developing complex and oppositional characters, exploring internal conflicts, using moral ambiguity, varying the pace and intensity of conflicts, and resolving them in a satisfying way, you can offer your adult audience a work of fiction that will keep them glued to the pages and prompt them to think about deep and challenging issues.
Dystopian headlines by example
Here is a collection of titles you might want to choose as your next read. Sometimes they are not "pure" dystopians, but they contain enough elements to make it interesting to you for a very specific reason. Each title, author and publisher are offered in the original language with a super-simple synopsis of the plot and why it might prove a good idea to purchase it.
Title: "The Road"
Author: Cormac McCarthy
Publisher: Alfred A. Knopf
Plot: A father and son travel through a devastated post-apocalyptic landscape.
Rationale: The main plot is intense and focused on the relationship between father and son, while the subplot explores the nature of humanity and the struggle to survive in a hostile environment. The choice of this novel offers an example of how dystopia can be used to examine the universal and profound themes of love, hope, and perseverance.
Title: "Parable of the Sower"
Author: Octavia Butler
Publisher: Four Walls Eight Windows
Plot: In the near future, a young woman with extraordinary empathy founds a new religion based on connection and community.
Rationale: The novel features a main plot focusing on the evolution of the protagonist and her journey of spiritual growth, while subplots address issues of race, gender, and power. The inclusion of this title allows the authors to explore diversity and intersectionality in dystopian fiction.
Title: "The Dispossessed"
Author: Ursula K. Le Guin
Publisher: Harper & Row
Plot: A physicist leaves his anarcho-communist planet to work on a revolutionary theory in a capitalist society.
Rationale: The main plot addresses the challenges and conflicts the protagonist encounters in trying to reconcile two opposing systems of thought, while the subplots highlight the tensions between utopia and dystopia. This novel provides an opportunity to discuss political and philosophical ideologies in the context of dystopian fiction.
Title: "The Handmaid's Tale"
Author: Margaret Atwood
Publisher: McClelland and Stewart
Plot: In a totalitarian theocratic regime, fertile women are reduced to sex slaves.
Rationale: The main plot follows the protagonist's journey as she struggles for freedom and dignity, while subplots explore themes such as totalitarianism, patriarchy, and resistance. Atwood's work offers a powerful example of how dystopia can be used to analyze feminist and social issues.
Title: "Brave New World"
Author: Aldous Huxley
Publisher: Chatto & Windus
Plot: In a futuristic society where happiness is mandatory, a primitive man challenges the established social order.
Rationale: The main plot follows the conflict between the protagonist and the dominant ideology, while the subplots explore the dangers of conformity and the importance of individuality. This classic
Title: "Fahrenheit 451"
Author: Ray Bradbury
Publisher: Ballantine Books
Plot: In a future where books are banned and burned, a fireman begins to question the oppressive system.
Rationale: The main plot follows the protagonist's journey of self-discovery, while subplots address issues such as censorship, conformity and freedom of thought. "Fahrenheit 451" is an emblematic example of how a dystopian novel can highlight the negative effects of excessive control on thought and creativity.
Title: "Never Let Me Go"
Author: Kazuo Ishiguro
Publisher: Faber and Faber
Plot: A group of young people grow up in an isolated school, slowly discovering the tragic truth behind their existence.
Rationale: The main plot focuses on the emotional experiences and relationships of the characters, while the subplots explore the ethical and moral implications of human cloning. This novel demonstrates how dystopia can be used to investigate complex ethical issues in an engaging narrative context.
Title: "The Giver"
Author: Lois Lowry
Publisher: Houghton Mifflin
Plot: In a seemingly utopian society, a boy discovers the shocking truth about his world's past.
Rationale: The main plot follows the protagonist's journey as he confronts the truth about his society, while subplots examine themes such as conformity, control and loss of freedom. "The Giver" is an example of how dystopia can be used to show the dangers of a seemingly perfect utopia.
Title: "Snow Crash"
Author: Neal Stephenson
Publisher: Bantam Books
Plot: In a cyberpunk future, a hacker and a young skater join forces to foil a dangerous computer virus.
Rationale: The main plot focuses on adventure and action, while subplots explore themes such as technology, capitalism, and globalization. "Snow Crash" offers an example of how dystopian fiction can incorporate elements of science fiction and action to create compelling and thought-provoking stories.
Choose the appropriate tone and language register
As you set out to write a dystopian literary work, it is essential to carefully select the tone and language register best suited to your story. These aspects will help create an engaging atmosphere and outline your dystopian world effectively.
First, think about the nature of your story and the emotional impact you wish to provoke in the reader. The tone can range from dark and oppressive, as in George Orwell's "1984," to more subtle and disturbing, as in Margaret Atwood's "The Handmaid's Tale." Choosing the right tone will depend on your plot, characters and the themes you want to develop.
In selecting the language register, consider the social and cultural context of your dystopian world. For example, if you imagine a highly bureaucratized and controlled society, you might opt for a more formal and technical register. Conversely, if your story takes place in a more anarchic and chaotic environment, you might choose a more colloquial and direct register.
Once you have chosen the appropriate tone and register, it is important to keep them consistent throughout your novel. This will help create a distinctive narrative voice and immerse the reader in your dystopian world. However, do not hesitate to vary the tone and register slightly according to the needs of the plot and the situations faced by the characters. For example, you might use a more emotional and intense register during dramatic or climax scenes, while adopting a more detached and reflective tone in expository and descriptive parts.
When writing your manuscript, pay attention to lexical and stylistic choices. Avoid repetition of verbs, adverbs and nouns, and try to use rich and varied language. This will help make your writing more fluid and natural, making it easier for the reader to become immersed in your story.
Also, keep in mind your adult audience and the academic nature of the essay. This means that you should avoid overly simplistic or childish language and opt for a more mature and sophisticated approach. At the same time, try to keep your writing accessible and understandable, avoiding excessive technicalities or jargons that might alienate the reader.
In conclusion, choosing the appropriate tone and language register is a crucial step in creating a successful dystopian novel. Take the time to think carefully about these issues and experiment with different combinations until you find the one that best suits your story and style.
Construction of believable and engaging dialogues
In the process of writing a dystopian novel, creating believable and engaging dialogue is crucial to bringing your characters to life and immersing the reader in your fictional world. In this essay, we will examine strategies for developing effective dialogues, focusing on examples from dystopian fiction.
One of the keys to writing authentic dialogues is to pay attention to the way people speak in real life. Listen carefully to the conversations around you and try to catch the rhythm, expressions and interruptions typical of speech. For example, in the dialogues of "A Clockwork Orange" by Anthony Burgess, the author uses an invented slang called "nadsat" to create a unique atmosphere and to characterize the youthful and rebellious characters.
Another key element in building effective dialogue is developing a distinctive voice for each character. Take into consideration their background, experiences, and personality, and let these factors influence the way they speak. For example, in Margaret Atwood's "The Handmaid's Tale," the formal, ritualized language of religious ceremonies contrasts with the use of more colloquial and confidential language in the dialogues between the protagonist and the characters with whom she forges personal bonds.
In dystopian fiction, dialogues can also serve to explore social or political themes and issues. In George Orwell's "1984," for example, the discussions between the protagonist Winston and his philosopher friend O'Brien revolve around the themes of power, truth, and freedom, allowing the reader to reflect on broader issues concerning totalitarian control and the manipulation of reality.
However, it is important to avoid turning dialogues into mere lectures or dissertations. Try to maintain a balance between exploring themes and depicting the dynamics between characters, leaving room for human emotions and interactions. In Aldous Huxley's "Brave New World," for example, the confrontation between the "savage" John and the "civilized" Mustapha Mond allows both to explore the themes of freedom, happiness, and human dignity, and to explore the conflict between the two characters and their opposing worldviews.
To make dialogues engaging, it is essential to pay attention to rhythm and variety. Alternate short, pithy lines with longer, reflective speeches, and do not hesitate to use pauses and silences to create tension or emphasize moments of emotion. A notable example of this approach is found in Cormac McCarthy's "The Road," in which the stark, essential dialogue between father and son reflects the bleak post-apocalyptic landscape and their struggle for survival. The pauses and silences between their words add to the sense of loneliness and danger that permeates the novel.
At the same time, try to use dialogue to reveal information about the plot and characters in an organic and natural way. Avoid lengthy exposition or forced explanations, and allow the reader to gradually discover key elements of your story through conversations between characters. An effective example of this technique can be found in Kazuo Ishiguro's "Never Let Me Go," in which the tragic truth about the protagonists' existence is slowly revealed through cryptic and allusive dialogue, creating an atmosphere of growing disquiet and suspense.
Finally, do not underestimate the power of subtext in dialogues. Often, what is not said can be just as significant and revealing as what is explicitly expressed. Work on the hidden implications behind characters' words, and allow the reader to read between the lines to pick up on internal tensions and conflicts. In Ray Bradbury's "Fahrenheit 451," for example, the dialogue between the protagonist Montag and his wife Mildred is often laden with the unspoken and misunderstood, reflecting the growing emotional distance between the two characters and Montag's dissent from the oppressive society in which they live.
In conclusion, building believable and engaging dialogue is a crucial aspect of writing a successful dystopian novel. Pay attention to the language, rhythm and voice of the characters, and use dialogue to explore themes, reveal plot information and deepen relationships between characters. Remember, too, to maintain a balance between exposing themes and depicting emotions and human dynamics, and to harness the power of subtext to create tension and suspense. With these elements in mind, you will be able to create dialogue that captures the reader's attention and enriches your dystopian world.
Appendix
Below, you will find a selection of essays and manuals that can be useful in writing a dystopian novel. These texts offer theoretical and practical insights into creating fictional worlds, developing characters, and constructing compelling and meaningful plots.
"The Anatomy of Story: 22 Steps to Becoming a Master Storyteller" by John Truby, Faber & Faber
"Writing the Breakout Novel" by Donald Maass, Writer's Digest Books.
"Wonderbook: The Illustrated Guide to Creating Imaginative Fiction" by Jeff VanderMeer, Abrams Image.
"On Writing: A Memoir of the Craft" by Stephen King, Scribner.
"The Art of Fiction: Notes on Craft for Young Writers" by John Gardner, Vintage Books.
"Creating Character Arcs: The Masterful Author's Guide to Uniting Story Structure, Plot, and Character Development" by K.M. Weiland, PenForASword Publishing
"How to Write Science Fiction & Fantasy" by Orson Scott Card, Writer's Digest Books.
"Worlds of Wonder: How to Write Science Fiction & Fantasy" by David Gerrold, Writer's Digest Books.
"Dystopian Literature: A Theory and Research Guide" by M. Keith Booker, Greenwood Press.
"The Writer's Journey: Mythic Structure for Writers" by Christopher Vogler, Michael Wiese Productions.
These texts cover a wide range of topics, including the creation of imaginary worlds, the construction of memorable plots and characters, and the analysis of successful dystopian literary works. By studying these essays and manuals, a writer can gain a thorough understanding of the narrative techniques and strategies used by the masters of the dystopian genre and apply them to his or her own work.
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